The Observational Method in ground engineering: principles and applications

The Observational Method in ground engineering is a continuous, managed, integrated process of design, construction control, monitoring and review, which enables previously defined modifications to be incorporated during or after construction as appropriate. All these aspects have to be demonstrably robust. The objective is to achieve greater overall economy without compromising safety. The Method’s origins are found in the development of 'modern' soil mechanics theories in the late 1940s, when an integrated process for predicting, monitoring, reviewing and modifying designs evolved. In the 1990s there has been a noticeable increase in its use, and extension of its principles. This publication aims to provide technical and contractual guidance that will lead to more effective and innovative application. Topics covered include history and definition of the OM, concepts, principles and practice, contractual framework, and tunnel, excavation and other applications.